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Two-Phase Immune Responses of COVID-19 and Therapeutic Approaches

    Author

    • Seyed Hassan Saadat

    Personalized Medicine Research Center, Tehran, Iran

,

Editorial

10.33844/cjm.2020.60492
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Abstract

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 spread rapidly worldwide and disease was announced a pandemic by the WHO. Standard therapeutic strategy against COVID-19 is lacking. Regarding to the two-phase pathogenesis of the COVID-19 (immune defense-based protective and postinitial inflammation-driven damaging phases, different therapeutic regimens including antiviral agents (e.g., lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, ribavirin, oseltamivir, and sofosbuvir, etc.), some antibiotics and immunomodulatory (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) and anti inflammatory agents (corticosteroids) have been considered in hospitals for COVID-19 patients, but balancing their
benefits and potential risk is of great importance [1-7].
Immune-boosting strategies (e.g., anti-sera or pegylated IFNα) and antiviral therapy may be of great importance in the initial phase or non-severe stages, while immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory approaches can be used for halting tissue damage and managing the symptoms in the inflammatory phase. There are conflicting results in prescribing corticosteroids or immunomodulation for COVID-19 patients due to paradoxical negative effects (risk of death, secondary bacterial infections and longer hospitalization) [8-9]. Activation of coagulation pathways
is also associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in multiorgan injury. Severe COVID‐19 had disseminated intravascular coagulation, leading to the risk of venous thromboembolism [10], where naproxen (for antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory and anticoagulative effects) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; anti-inflammatory properties) may be considered for patients. It has been suggested that LMWH is contemplated because of concerns because of the presence of thrombi in the pulmonary circulation for those in patients with
raised d-dimer.
However, effective therapeutic approach requires balancing harmful and beneficial effects of regimens, to be prescribed by precision. Also, two-phase pathophysiology and immune responses of COVID-19 should not be underemphasized for treatment of patients.

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Canadian Journal of Medicine
Volume 2, Issue 1
August 2020
Page 0-0
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  • Article View: 896
  • PDF Download: 475

APA

Saadat, S. H. (2020). Two-Phase Immune Responses of COVID-19 and Therapeutic Approaches. Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2(1), 0-0. doi: 10.33844/cjm.2020.60492

MLA

Saadat, S. H. . "Two-Phase Immune Responses of COVID-19 and Therapeutic Approaches", Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2, 1, 2020, 0-0. doi: 10.33844/cjm.2020.60492

HARVARD

Saadat, S. H. (2020). 'Two-Phase Immune Responses of COVID-19 and Therapeutic Approaches', Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2(1), pp. 0-0. doi: 10.33844/cjm.2020.60492

CHICAGO

S. H. Saadat, "Two-Phase Immune Responses of COVID-19 and Therapeutic Approaches," Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2 1 (2020): 0-0, doi: 10.33844/cjm.2020.60492

VANCOUVER

Saadat, S. H. Two-Phase Immune Responses of COVID-19 and Therapeutic Approaches. Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2020; 2(1): 0-0. doi: 10.33844/cjm.2020.60492

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